Melting and Boiling Points

Melting point and boiling point for every element, in both °C and kelvin.

Melting point and boiling point measure the same thing from two heights: how much energy it takes to overcome the forces holding the atoms together. That makes them one of the clearest patterns in the table — the strongly bonded metals in the middle sit at the top, and the noble gases, held together by nothing but dispersion forces, sit within a few degrees of absolute zero.

Reading the table

Both scales are listed. The conversion is exact: K = °C + 273.15.
The transition metals dominate the top. Their d electrons take part in the metallic bond, so the lattice is much harder to break.
Carbon is the exception. At normal pressure it sublimes instead of melting, so its quoted value belongs to special conditions.

The extremes

By the numbers, the five highest values in the table are Carbon (3,550 °C), Tungsten (3,422 °C), Rhenium (3,186 °C), Osmium (3,033 °C), Tantalum (3,017 °C). Carbon heads that list on paper only: at atmospheric pressure it sublimes rather than melting, so the highest melting point among elements you can actually melt belongs to tungsten. The lowest are Helium (-272 °C), Hydrogen (-259 °C), Neon (-249 °C). Only two elements — mercury and bromine — are liquid at room temperature and pressure.

Melting and boiling points of every element
#	Element	Melting (°C)	Melting (K)	Boiling (°C)	Boiling (K)
1	HHydrogen	-259 °C	13.81 K	-253 °C	20.28 K
2	HeHelium	-272 °C	0.95 K	-269 °C	4.22 K
3	LiLithium	181 °C	454 K	1,342 °C	1,615 K
4	BeBeryllium	1,287 °C	1,560 K	2,471 °C	2,744 K
5	BBoron	2,075 °C	2,348 K	4,000 °C	4,273 K
6	CCarbon	3,550 °C	3,823 K	3,825 °C	4,098 K
7	NNitrogen	-210 °C	63.15 K	-196 °C	77.36 K
8	OOxygen	-219 °C	54.36 K	-183 °C	90.2 K
9	FFluorine	-220 °C	53.53 K	-188 °C	85.03 K
10	NeNeon	-249 °C	24.56 K	-246 °C	27.07 K
11	NaSodium	97.8 °C	371 K	883 °C	1,156 K
12	MgMagnesium	650 °C	923 K	1,090 °C	1,363 K
13	AlAluminum	660 °C	933 K	2,519 °C	2,792 K
14	SiSilicon	1,414 °C	1,687 K	3,265 °C	3,538 K
15	PPhosphorus	44.15 °C	317 K	281 °C	554 K
16	SSulfur	115 °C	388 K	445 °C	718 K
17	ClChlorine	-101 °C	172 K	-34.04 °C	239 K
18	ArArgon	-189 °C	83.8 K	-186 °C	87.3 K
19	KPotassium	63.38 °C	337 K	759 °C	1,032 K
20	CaCalcium	842 °C	1,115 K	1,484 °C	1,757 K
21	ScScandium	1,541 °C	1,814 K	2,836 °C	3,109 K
22	TiTitanium	1,668 °C	1,941 K	3,287 °C	3,560 K
23	VVanadium	1,910 °C	2,183 K	3,407 °C	3,680 K
24	CrChromium	1,907 °C	2,180 K	2,671 °C	2,944 K
25	MnManganese	1,246 °C	1,519 K	2,061 °C	2,334 K
26	FeIron	1,538 °C	1,811 K	2,861 °C	3,134 K
27	CoCobalt	1,495 °C	1,768 K	2,927 °C	3,200 K
28	NiNickel	1,455 °C	1,728 K	2,913 °C	3,186 K
29	CuCopper	1,085 °C	1,358 K	2,562 °C	2,835 K
30	ZnZinc	420 °C	693 K	907 °C	1,180 K
31	GaGallium	29.76 °C	303 K	2,204 °C	2,477 K
32	GeGermanium	938 °C	1,211 K	2,833 °C	3,106 K
33	AsArsenic	817 °C	1,090 K	614 °C	887 K
34	SeSelenium	221 °C	494 K	685 °C	958 K
35	BrBromine	-7.2 °C	266 K	58.8 °C	332 K
36	KrKrypton	-157 °C	116 K	-153 °C	120 K
37	RbRubidium	39.31 °C	312 K	688 °C	961 K
38	SrStrontium	777 °C	1,050 K	1,382 °C	1,655 K
39	YYttrium	1,522 °C	1,795 K	3,345 °C	3,618 K
40	ZrZirconium	1,855 °C	2,128 K	4,409 °C	4,682 K
41	NbNiobium	2,477 °C	2,750 K	4,744 °C	5,017 K
42	MoMolybdenum	2,623 °C	2,896 K	4,639 °C	4,912 K
43	TcTechnetium	2,157 °C	2,430 K	4,265 °C	4,538 K
44	RuRuthenium	2,334 °C	2,607 K	4,150 °C	4,423 K
45	RhRhodium	1,964 °C	2,237 K	3,695 °C	3,968 K
46	PdPalladium	1,555 °C	1,828 K	2,963 °C	3,236 K
47	AgSilver	962 °C	1,235 K	2,162 °C	2,435 K
48	CdCadmium	321 °C	594 K	767 °C	1,040 K
49	InIndium	157 °C	430 K	2,072 °C	2,345 K
50	SnTin	232 °C	505 K	2,602 °C	2,875 K
51	SbAntimony	631 °C	904 K	1,587 °C	1,860 K
52	TeTellurium	450 °C	723 K	988 °C	1,261 K
53	IIodine	114 °C	387 K	184 °C	458 K
54	XeXenon	-112 °C	161 K	-108 °C	165 K
55	CsCesium	28.44 °C	302 K	671 °C	944 K
56	BaBarium	727 °C	1,000 K	1,897 °C	2,170 K
57	LaLanthanum	918 °C	1,191 K	3,464 °C	3,737 K
58	CeCerium	798 °C	1,071 K	3,424 °C	3,697 K
59	PrPraseodymium	931 °C	1,204 K	3,520 °C	3,793 K
60	NdNeodymium	1,021 °C	1,294 K	3,074 °C	3,347 K
61	PmPromethium	1,042 °C	1,315 K	3,000 °C	3,273 K
62	SmSamarium	1,074 °C	1,347 K	1,794 °C	2,067 K
63	EuEuropium	822 °C	1,095 K	1,529 °C	1,802 K
64	GdGadolinium	1,313 °C	1,586 K	3,273 °C	3,546 K
65	TbTerbium	1,356 °C	1,629 K	3,230 °C	3,503 K
66	DyDysprosium	1,412 °C	1,685 K	2,567 °C	2,840 K
67	HoHolmium	1,474 °C	1,747 K	2,700 °C	2,973 K
68	ErErbium	1,529 °C	1,802 K	2,868 °C	3,141 K
69	TmThulium	1,545 °C	1,818 K	1,950 °C	2,223 K
70	YbYtterbium	819 °C	1,092 K	1,196 °C	1,469 K
71	LuLutetium	1,663 °C	1,936 K	3,402 °C	3,675 K
72	HfHafnium	2,233 °C	2,506 K	4,603 °C	4,876 K
73	TaTantalum	3,017 °C	3,290 K	5,458 °C	5,731 K
74	WTungsten	3,422 °C	3,695 K	5,555 °C	5,828 K
75	ReRhenium	3,186 °C	3,459 K	5,596 °C	5,869 K
76	OsOsmium	3,033 °C	3,306 K	5,012 °C	5,285 K
77	IrIridium	2,446 °C	2,719 K	4,428 °C	4,701 K
78	PtPlatinum	1,768 °C	2,042 K	3,825 °C	4,098 K
79	AuGold	1,064 °C	1,337 K	2,856 °C	3,129 K
80	HgMercury	-38.83 °C	234 K	357 °C	630 K
81	TlThallium	304 °C	577 K	1,473 °C	1,746 K
82	PbLead	327 °C	601 K	1,749 °C	2,022 K
83	BiBismuth	271 °C	545 K	1,564 °C	1,837 K
84	PoPolonium	254 °C	527 K	962 °C	1,235 K
85	AtAstatine	302 °C	575 K	—	—
86	RnRadon	-71.15 °C	202 K	-61.7 °C	211 K
87	FrFrancium	26.85 °C	300 K	—	—
88	RaRadium	700 °C	973 K	1,140 °C	1,413 K
89	AcActinium	1,051 °C	1,324 K	3,198 °C	3,471 K
90	ThThorium	1,750 °C	2,023 K	4,788 °C	5,061 K
91	PaProtactinium	1,572 °C	1,845 K	—	—
92	UUranium	1,135 °C	1,408 K	4,131 °C	4,404 K
93	NpNeptunium	644 °C	917 K	3,902 °C	4,175 K
94	PuPlutonium	640 °C	913 K	3,228 °C	3,501 K
95	AmAmericium	1,176 °C	1,449 K	2,011 °C	2,284 K
96	CmCurium	1,345 °C	1,618 K	3,127 °C	3,400 K
97	BkBerkelium	1,050 °C	1,323 K	—	—
98	CfCalifornium	900 °C	1,173 K	—	—
99	EsEinsteinium	860 °C	1,133 K	—	—
100	FmFermium	1,527 °C	1,800 K	—	—
101	MdMendelevium	827 °C	1,100 K	—	—
102	NoNobelium	827 °C	1,100 K	—	—
103	LrLawrencium	1,627 °C	1,900 K	—	—
104	RfRutherfordium	—	—	—	—
105	DbDubnium	—	—	—	—
106	SgSeaborgium	—	—	—	—
107	BhBohrium	—	—	—	—
108	HsHassium	—	—	—	—
109	MtMeitnerium	—	—	—	—
110	DsDarmstadtium	—	—	—	—
111	RgRoentgenium	—	—	—	—
112	CnCopernicium	—	—	—	—
113	NhNihonium	—	—	—	—
114	FlFlerovium	—	—	—	—
115	McMoscovium	—	—	—	—
116	LvLivermorium	—	—	—	—
117	TsTennessine	—	—	—	—
118	OgOganesson	—	—	—	—

15 of the 118 elements have no measured melting point — synthetic elements that have never existed in weighable quantity. They are shown as “—” rather than estimated.

More on the periodic table

Interactive periodic tableAll 118 elements Charges & oxidation statesWhat ion each element forms Electron configurationsFull and shorthand notation Atomic mass tableIUPAC standard atomic weights ElectronegativityPauling values, every element Valence electronsOuter-shell counts by group Densityg/cm³ for all 118 elements Groups & periodsAll 18 groups explained Printable periodic tablesFree PDFs to print Element quizTest yourself on symbols Molar mass calculatorAny formula, broken down by element Chemical equation balancerWith the atom count on both sides Molar mass of compoundsWorked out for 121 common compounds

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Frequently Asked Questions

Which element has the highest melting point?

Tungsten, at 3,422 °C (3,695 K) — the highest-melting element you can actually work with, which is why it spent decades as the filament in incandescent bulbs. Carbon withstands more, but at atmospheric pressure it sublimes rather than melts, so it has no ordinary melting point to quote.

Which element has the lowest melting point?

Helium, which does not solidify at all under normal pressure no matter how cold it gets — freezing it takes about 25 atmospheres. Among elements that do melt, hydrogen is lowest at -259 °C. Among metals, mercury is liquid at room temperature and melts at -39 °C.

Why do transition metals melt at such high temperatures?

Because their d electrons join the metallic bond. Each atom contributes more delocalised electrons than an alkali metal does, so the lattice is far more cohesive and it takes more energy to break apart. That is the whole gap between sodium melting at 98 °C and tungsten, in the same table, at 3,422 °C.

How do I convert between °C and kelvin?

Add 273.15 to go from Celsius to kelvin, subtract it to go back. The conversion is exact and the degree size is identical, so a temperature difference is the same number in both scales. This table lists both so you do not have to do it in your head.

Why are some melting or boiling points missing?

Because they have never been measured. That is mostly the superheavy synthetic elements, which have only ever existed as a handful of atoms lasting fractions of a second — there has never been a sample to melt. Those rows are left blank rather than filled with an estimate.